Swallow your reading 38

The body is an amazing object; the more you ask of it, the more it can do. If you are inactive most of the time, your body will quickly become tired when it should be active. But if you are active many times each day or week, your body will get used to the hard work and it will become easier to do. Children who want to play active games with their friends should exercise regularly so they have the energy to play as long as they want.

Many young people want to be physically active because it helps them look and feel good. Activity burns more calories than just sitting , so it is important for keeping a healthy weight . Exercise also makes your muscles and bones stronger and keeps your body in a good condition .

Physical activity also helps people stay healthy. Exercise strengthens the immune system , and helps the body fight off illness . Daily exercise also helps people sleep better. Active students don’t complain about being tired. They have a good night’s sleep and have the energy to work hard and have fun every day.

Strength

Strength is the force that muscles use. People used to think only boys could be strong, but that is not true. All people who want to be active and healthy must be strong. Strength training keeps your bones strong. People who are strong can do activities more easily and may learn sport skills more quickly.

Being strong does not always mean that you have big muscles . Muscle size is often determined by your genes-very few people will look like bodybuilders when they get stronger. Age also helps find out muscle size. Children of elementary school age will become stronger by doing exercises, but their muscles probably will not grow much bigger . Boys may get bigger muscles if they do strength training because their hormones may rise . Girls can also become stronger but they won’t get bigger muscles because their balance of hormones is different from that of males .

Making Muscles Stronger

To strengthen your muscles , you must make them work harder than usual. Lifting weights in a gym is not the only way to increase strength . You can build strength just by helping to do things at home like lifting or bringing grocery bags from the car to the kitchen. Physical Fitness

To increase strength , try moving a heavier object than normal. This could be a heavier weight or a heavier grocery bag . After a while it will be easy to move this heavier object. Anytime an object becomes easy for you to move, you must increase the weight again if you want to continue to get stronger. Remember, it takes time to become strong. But you should increase weights slowly, otherwise your muscles may get hurt.

Exercises like push-ups and sit-ups will also build strength . When you do these exercises, you move the weight of your own body. Although you cannot increase your own weight, you can continue to build strength by always doing more sit-ups or push-ups .

You must also do the right exercises. Lifting weights with your arms will not make your leg muscles stronger. If you want stronger legs, you must do leg exercises. For the best fitness, it is a good idea to work on strengthening all your muscles by doing many different exercises.

Aerobic Fitness

The lungs bring oxygen to the blood, and the heart pumps the blood through blood vessels to the muscles . Cardiovascular fitness is the body’s ability to bring oxygen to the muscles for a longer time. The more oxygen you can bring to your muscles , the longer you will be able to exercise without becoming tired. Cardiovascular fitness is also called aerobic fitness.

Perhaps you have done aerobic activities, such as biking or running, that make you breathe faster and harder. You breathe harder because your body is trying to take more oxygen from the air and bring it to your muscles . The more work you do, the more oxygen you need. Regular physical activity makes the heart, lungs, and muscles become stronger and more efficient .

Counting Your Pulse

Every time your heart beats , it pushes blood through your blood vessels . You can feel this beating or pulse with your fingertips . The best place to feel your pulse is near your wrist . Place your index and middle fingers at the beginning of your thumb on the inside of your wrist . To find out your heart rate , count your pulse for six seconds and put a zero at the end of the number you counted. For example, if you counted nine pulses (or heartbeats) in six seconds, your heart rate would be 90 beats per minute. Compare your heart rate when you are at rest with your heart rate during or just after aerobic exercise . It should be much faster then.  Physical Fitness

Improving Your Aerobic Fitness

To keep healthy, everyone should try to be active for 30 minutes at least five days a week. But if you want to improve your aerobic fitness, you need to exercise hard enough to raise your heart rate into the target heart rate zone on at least three of those days. The target heart rate zone is the level at which the heart and lungs become stronger most quickly. When athletes train to perform better in a race , they try to keep their heart rate in the target heart rate zone for as long as possible.

Swallow your reading 38

This zone depends on a lot of things like age, weight and sex . Generally if your pulse is between 125 and 170 beats per minute, your heart rate is in the target heart rate zone . Try to keep your heart rate in that zone for at least 15 minutes. Slowly increase the amount of time you maintain your heart rate in the target heart rate zone until you can do it for 30 minutes each time you exercise . Physical Fitness

What Type of Activities Are Best for Aerobic Fitness?

Any activity that makes your heart beat faster and that you enjoy is a good type of aerobic exercise. If you like jumping rope or cycling, that is the activity you should do. You don’t have to do same thing every day. In fact, two days of basketball, three days of swimming, and two days of bicycling can be more fun than jogging every day.

Flexibility

Joints are points in your body that allow you to move. Your body has many joints , including the shoulders , elbows, wrists , hips , knees, and ankles . A joint that is healthy can move in all directions very easily.

Why is this important? Your muscles and ligaments are important for joint health. Stretching activities are important to keep joints healthy. Flexibility slowly decreases when people get older. By doing regular stretching activities, you can help keep the full range of motion at each joint .

If you watch athletes warm up, you will see that they all do stretching activities before competition . Stretching helps athletes avoid injuries because it moves blood to the muscles and prepares them for difficult activities. Stretching after exercise moves blood through the whole body and you don’t feel so much pain in your muscles the next day. Physical Fitness

Stretching can also help you feel relaxed . If you are tired or worried , try doing flexibility activities and deep breathing together. You may feel better and will keep your joints healthy at the same time.

Flexibility Exercises

Flexibility exercises should be done with slow, controlled movements . You should move slowly until the muscle being stretched starts to hurt a little. Hold this position for 10 to 20 seconds and then relax.

How to get started

People who have not been very active in the past should begin slowly. Do not try to exercise too much at once. If you are normally active, you may want to try some new exercises.

Clothes

The right clothing will make exercise easier and more enjoyable . A good pair of shoes gives support to the feet during exercise . Athletic shoes do not have to be expensive, but they should fit well and be comfortable . Make sure shoes are tightly laced , and wear socks so that you won’t get blisters .

You should choose clothing that is suited to the type of activity and the temperature. If you are exercising in warm weather, wear lightweight and light-colored clothing and a cap or hat to shade your head from the sun. If you are active in the cold, try wearing many layers of clothing instead of a heavy coat. This keeps you warmer and lets you move more freely. If it is raining outside or you will be playing in the snow, wear clothing that is water-resistant -once your clothes get wet, it is hard to stay warm.

It is also important to wear things that will protect you. For example, you should always wear a helmet when cycling. Pads , mouth guards , or protective eyewear might be necessary when taking part in other activi­ties. Physical Fitness

Soreness, Aches, and Pain

You may feel muscle soreness for a few days after trying something new. This may mean the activity you did was too strenuous or involved muscles you do not use often. Muscle soreness is normal and will usually go away in a few days. Soreness is different from pain . If you ever feel pain in a muscle or joint , you should tell an adult or go to the doctor.

Sometimes you may develop an ache on the side of your upper stomach during activity. Nobody knows exactly what causes a sideache . Stretching the side that is hurting, taking deep breaths , or putting pressure on the ache with your hand may help. At other times, you might have to rest for a few minutes until the ache goes away.

Selecting an Activity

There are many factors to look at when selecting a new physical activity. The most important is choosing something you enjoy and will want to do often.

Everyone needs activities that help them keep or improve their strength , aerobic fitness, and flexibility . You may want to select an activity from an area in which you think you need to become better. For example, if you are flexible and able to run long distances but are not very strong, you could choose some activities that increase strength. If you are strong but need more aerobic fitness, try walking, jogging, biking, or dancing.

Long-distance running – fibercool

Different activities need different skills . Your school years are an excellent time to develop athletic skills. Some skills will improve with practice while others may always be difficult for you. Some people are better at certain activities than others, but do not let that put you off. If you enjoy an activity, feel free to do it.

You may need to try several activities before you find the ones that are right for you. For example, you may find you enjoy activities you can do alone, like running or biking. Or you may prefer to participate in team activities. Some people like competition , while others prefer activities in which there are no winners or losers. Whatever activities you choose, becoming physically fit will make you healthier for life.

Swallow your reading 38

Glossary: Physical Fitness

• ability = being able to do some­thing
• activity= something that you do because you enjoy or like it  
• aerobic= kind of activity or exer­cise that uses up oxygen and makes your lungs and heart stronger
• although= while
• amazing= surprising
• amount= how much
• ankle= the joint between your foot and your leg
• athletes= people who do sports in a competition
• avoid= to prevent something from happening
• balance of hormones= the substances that help your body grow; you should not have too many or too few of these substances
• beat= hit
• blister= when your skin starts to swell for example after a burn
• blood vessel= one of the tubes through which blood flows in your body
• breathe= to take air into your lungs
• cap= a flat hat that is curved at one end
• cardiovascular= everything that deals with the heart and blood system of your body
• cause= lead to
• certain= special
• comfortable= to make you feel good
• compare= measure, here: to see how high something is
• competition= an event in which people or teams play against each other
• complain= to say that you are unhappy about something
• condition= shape
• controlled movement= to move in a way that you are in command of what you are doing
• deep breathing = to take in as much air as you can through your lungs
• depend on= to be affected by
• determined= influenced by
• develop= grow
• direction= way, course
• distance= the space between two things
• efficient= to work well together without wasting energy
• elementary school= the first few years at school
• enjoy= like
• enjoyable= something that you like
• exercise= to do sports very often so that you stay healthy
• fingertip= the end of your finger
• fit= the right size
• flexibility= when you can bend the parts of your body easily
• force= power
• full range= here: in all directions
• get used to= to do things that no longer seem difficult or strange to you
• grocery bag= a bag that you put food from a supermarket in
• gym= a special building or room that has machines to exercise or do sports with
• heart rate= the number of times your heart beats every minute
• helmet= a strong hard hat that you wear to protect your head
• hip= one of the two parts on each side of your body between the top of your leg and your waist
• illness= disease
• immune system= the system by which your body protects itself against disease
• improve= to make better
• inactive= not active
• increase= to go up or make bigger
• index finger= the finger next to your thumb
• injury= to be hurt
• instead of= in something’s place
• involve=here: use
• joint= a part of your body that can bend because two bones meet there
• jumping rope= a long piece of rope that you use to jump over
• layer= material between two other things
• ligament= a band of strong material that holds bones together
• lightweight= not very heavy and easy to wear
• maintain= keep
• male= about a man
• motion= movement
• mouth guard= an object you put in front of your mouth to protect your teeth
• muscles= one of the pieces inside your body that you use so that you can move ; it also holds your bones together
• otherwise= or else
• oxygen= a gas that is in the air and that we need to breathe
• pad= object that is made of cloth or rubber , used to protect parts of your body
• pain= the feeling that you have when something hurts
• participate= take part in
• physical= everything that is about your body
• pressure= to put force or weight on something
• protect= guard, defend
• protective eyewear= to wear something so that your eyes will not get hurt
• pulse= the beat that you can feel when your heart pumps blood through your body
• push-up= an exercise on which you lie with your face on the floor and push your body up with your arms
• put you off= don’t let it stop you
• race= an event in which people run against each other and see who is fastest  
• raise= to go up
• regularly= at the same time every day, every week etc..
• relaxed= to feel calm and not worried
• rise= go up
• several= many
• sex= whether a person is a man or a woman
• shade=to protect from direct light
• shoulder= part of your body where your neck is connected to your arm
• side-ache= a pain on the side of your body
• sit-up= an exercise to make your stomach muscles stronger; you lie on the floor and try to sit up without moving you legs
• size= how big something is
• skill= the ability to do something well, because you have learned it
• soreness= when something causes pain because you have exercised to much
• strength= power, how strong something is
• strength training= exercise that you do to make you stronger
• strengthen= to make stronger
• strenuous=something that makes you very tired
• stretch= to straighten your arms, legs and body after exercise
• suited= the right things to wear
• support= here: something you wear that holds you up
• target heart rate zone = the heart rate at which it is best to exercise – it makes you physically stronger and improves your health ; normally it is about 50% -80% of your maximum heart rate
• tightly laced= to fasten something and keep together by tying it up
• water resistant= it does not allow water to get in
• weight= how heavy you are
• whatever= any, it doesn’t matter which
• worried= upset, unhappy about something
• wrist= the part of your body where your hands come together with your arms

  Swallow your reading 38

Comprehension Questions:

Why is doing exercise important to have a healthy body?

How can the muscles become stronger?

What are the benefits of aerobic fitness?

What is the role of suitable clothes in exercise and fitness?